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Головна
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Журнал Polymer
- 1993 рік
1993 рік
Three types of oriented samples of polyamide 12 have been investigated by electron microscopy, and small- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction: (a) sedimented mats of single crystals obtained by filtration from dilute solution; (b) melt crystallized samples oriented by unidirectional rolling and; (c) samples obtained by extrusion just below their melting temperature (T~ = 170°C). The limiting faces of lamellar crystals in sedimented mats are parallel to the (001) planes. Rolled samples contain two populations of deformed lamellar crystals in a mirror relationship with respect to the rolling plane; their limiting planes are not parallel to any one of the crystallographic planes that have low Miller indices. It is only by thermal annealing in contact with formic acid, under well-defined experimental conditions, that the lamellar basal planes parallel to the (001) planes can be restored. A new crystalline phase with a triclinic unit cell is found in samples obtained by planar extrusion at 160°C, and lamellar crystals with monoclinic and triclinic unit cells coexist in these extruded samples. The two edges of the faces parallel to the rolling plane of these doubly oriented samples have an almost single texture, both at the level of the lattice and at the level of the basal planes of the lamellar crystals. Lamellar crystals with a triclinic unit cell have limiting planes parallel to the (001) planes
The formation of block copolymer mixed micelles has been studied in solutions of polystyrene-blockpolyisoprene and polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-co-propylene) in decane, a selectively poor solvent for polystyrene blocks. The rate of mass exchange between two types of micelles, studied by the sedimentation velocity method, depends strongly on the rates of micelle formation and dissociation processes, which can be controlled by temperature
Polystyrene (PS) and poly-~-methylstyrene (PMS) in various kinds of solvents such as 1-methylnaphthalene, tetralin and phenol were thermally degraded in the temperature range from 250 to 450°C. The conversion of PS to low molecular weight products depended on the kinds of solvents and the polymer concentration, whereas the conversion of PMS was independent of both of these. The difference in degradation behaviour between the polymers was explained in terms of a mechanism which involves hydrogen transfer steps from solvents to intermediate polymer radicals.
It is well known that crystallization nuclei are created in the melt of semicrystalline themoplastic materials by shearing. Sheared polymer melts have a higher number of crystallization nuclei than quiescent melts at the same crystallization temperature. Two types of isotactic polypropylene with different molecular weight distributions were investigated using special shearing equipment and synchrotron radiation diffraction. The results of our time-resolved WAXS investigations are time-dependent functions of the degree of crystallinity, from which certain parameters such as relaxation time can be determined with the help of a given crystallization model. Even a very small shearing of the melt, after a few seconds, enhances the crystallization of both materials at the temperature of 130 and 135°C. At the same temperatures, quiescent polypropylene melts start to crystallize after approximately 1 h. Without shearing the ~t-modification prevails, whereas an important volume fraction of the r-modification appears in sheared samples even at low shearing velocities of 4 s-1
The synthesis of poly(2,5-thienylene-l,2-dimethoxy-ethenylene) is reported. It involves a benzoin condensation of thiophene-2,5-dicarboxaldehyde, followed by deprotonation by a Schlrsser base and o_xymethylation by dimethyl sulfate. The new polymer, soluble in organic solvents, has a molecular weight, M w, of 5500 dalton, an optical band gap of 2.13 eV and a conductivity of 0.4 S cm - 1 upon iodine doping
The Orofino-Flory (OF) type smoothed-density theories for the end-distance expansion factor ~R and the second virial coefficient Az of flexible chains with three-segment interactions are inconsistent with first-order perturbation calculations unless the ternary cluster integral fla is zero. It is shown in the present paper that the inconsistency arises from the factorization approximation to segment density distribution functions invoked in the smoothed-density model and that a proper treatment of such functions leads to expressions consistent with the perturbation calculations but different from the OF type equations. Thus, for non-zero [/3 and near the ® point the previous smoothed-density or mean-field theories retain no valid place, even though those for A2 account for a few experimental findings (at or below the ® temperature) that two-parameter theories fail to explain. In particular, the prediction of a coil-globule transition by the OF type equations has no theoretical significance. It is also shown by a perturbation calculation that when both binary and ternary cluster integrals are vanishingly small, ~R for an infinitely long chain is expressed in terms of a single excluded-volume variable up to second order in f13 with the same numerical coefficients as those in the two-parameter theory.
Thermo stimulated creep analysis is performed to characterize the anelastic properties in the glassy state of the epoxy resin-glass bead model system. Different interphase regions have been deliberately formed by means of a silane coupling agent and an elastomeric adduct coating. By applying 'fractional stresses', with a convenient choice of the loading programme, the complex/3 peak is experimentally resolved and local changes of morphology in the interphase zone are evidenced in terms of mobility.
Dopant uptake in sodium-doped poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) has been measured, and e.s.r. spectroscopy has been used to follow the changes in unpaired spin concentration as the doping reaction proceeds. 2H n.m.r, line shapes of sodium-doped, ring-deuterated PPV (PPV-d4) have also been studied to observe the effects of doping. They contain two distinct components, one of which is attributed to hydride formation. The overall pattern is insensitive to temperature changes.
A semiempirical equation of combinatory entropy in binary solutions of semiflexible or rod-like polymers in solvent has been derived, based on a correlation between the combinatory entropy in polymer solution derived by Flory, Huggins, Miller and Guggenheim and an ideal simple liquid solution. The expression for the partial entropy of mixing of solvent ASM,~ obtained in this work is given by: ASu, l/k= -In ~b 1 - ~b2(1 - r- 1) d- ~(]) 1 (]12 --]-ln{ [~b 1 + ((a2/r)]/[qb 1 -I- (~b2/r) H- ~b 1 t~2] } + ctO 2 ln{ (r- 1 + ~bl)/[~bl + (q~2/r) + ~ 1(~2] } where ~ is the volume fraction of polymer (i = 2) and solvent (1), r is the number of segments per polymer, k is the Boltzmann constant and ~ is a parameter characterizing the flexibility of polymer chain such that ct=0 for flexible polymers and ct=(1-r-~)/q~ for rigid-rod polymers. The chemical potential of solvent in the polymer solution is given by: #, -- I2 ° = R T[ - - ASu, , /k + zoo + a)~b2 ] where ;(0 is the polymer-solvent interaction parameter in the Flory-Huggins theory
Interfacial layers in metal-polymer-metal structures have been investigated. Analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (X.p.s.) at room temperature of the changes in various core electron spectra associated with the polymer film and the overlayers shows that there is formation of metal oxide--carbide species in the polymer-metal interface in the system obtained by deposition of metal on poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) polymer. In contrast, for the system in which metal is deposited on the PPV precursor, no complex species are observed after the transformation of precursor into PPV by heat treatment. This difference can be explained by the side-reactions of the under-products generated during the pyrolysis of the precursor into the polymer. Finally, the role of the interfacial complex species in the origin and in the mechanism of the rectifying contacts observed in the metal-polymer-metal structures is also discussed
Корисні статті
Комп'ютер для інженера
У сучасному світі комп'ютери дуже поширені. Складно уявити людину, не знайому з цим поняттям. Багато професій зобов'язані своїм виникненням саме комп'ютеру, вони б просто не з'явилися без створення електронно-обчислювальної техніки.
І хоча відносно недавно, на початку XX століття, комп'ютери були розкішшю і використовувалися лише для самих складних розрахунків, у наш час комп'ютери та комп'ютерна техніка дуже глибоко інтегрувалися у наше життя. Сучасне людство залежить від комп'ютерів, що викликає подиву, якщо розглянути, коли і в яких випадках вони використовуються.
Інженер-механік
Інженер-механік (від лат. Ingenium – талант, обдарованість, і mēchanicus – механік) – це технічний чи технологічний фахівець з вищою освітою, який застосовує отримані знання для конструювання, проектування, моделювання та експлуатації машин, апаратів та технічного обладнання в різних галузях сільського господарства та технічного виробництва. Першими з інженерів були саме механіки; вони розробляли і збирали різноманітні машини і механізми, в яких використовували принципи і закони механіки.
Види та функції сучасної упаковки
Різноманітна упаковка щільно увішла у життя кожної людини. На полицях магазинів, в інтер'єрах помешкань можна побачити десятки пляшочок, коробок, аерозольних болончиків. Термін існування упаковки в нашому житті може продовжуватися від кількох хвилин до кількох років. Що ж таке сучасна упаковка? Чому вона займає стільки місця в нашому житті?
Полімерні матеріали
Полімер це велика молекула, або макромолекула, котра складається з багатьох субодиниць. Через їх широкий спектр властивостей, синтетичні і природні полімери відіграють найважливішу і всюдисущу роль в повсякденному житті. Полімери в діапазоні від знайомих синтетичних пластмас, таких як полістирол природний біополімер, таких як ДНК і білки, які є основоположними для біологічної структури і функцій. Полімери, як природні і синтетичні, створюються за допомогою полімеризації багатьох малих молекул, відомих як мономери.
Що таке КПІ?
На сьогоднішній день багатьох випускників, ще недавно – школярів, цікавить наступне питання – куди поступити, куди піти навчатися? В нашій країні є дуже багато ВНЗ, які пропонують свої послуги з підготовки і навчання студентів. Одним з таких ВНЗ є Київський політехнічний інститут (КПІ).
